Structural model of acculturation attitudes and related psychosocial variables: empirical evidence in native Spaniards.

This work falls within the framework of the study of acculturation processes of natives and immigrants. Its goal is to test an explanatory multi-group model of natives' acculturation attitudes as a function of diverse psychosocial variables: Prejudice and natives' appraisal of their own culture (in a direct way) and inter-group contact and perceived inter-group similarity (in an indirect way). Participants were 499 Spaniards surveyed for their attitude towards Romanian immigrants and 493 towards Ecuadorian immigrants. The indicators used took into account three socio-cultural spheres: peripheral, intermediate and central areas. This multi-group model shows an adequate fit to the data.

Actitudes hacia gitanos e inmigrantes africanos: un estudio comparativo / No disponible

El objetivo principal de esta investigación era conocer las actitudes de la población autóctona de un municipio de Almería hacia tres grupos étnicos con alta presencia en el lugar de la investigación: inmigrantes magrebíes, inmigrantes subsaharianos y gitanos. 105 participantes (56.2% mujeres y 43.8% hombres), cuyas edades oscilan entre 18 y 62 años (Media=38.99; dt= 12.45). respondieron a un cuestionario a través del cual se medía el componente afectivo y cognitivo de la actitud. la consideración social percibida de estos grupos, la atribución de las diferencias entre el propio grupo y los exogrupos. y la percepción del número de miembros de los exogrupos presentes en la zona. Los resultados muestran que el colectivo peor evaluado es el de los inmigrantes magrebíes, seguido por los gitanos y los inmigrantes subsaharianos. Se observa una evolución negativa en las actitudes hacia los inmigrantes magrebíes en comparación con estudios anteriores, mientras que las actitudes hacia los subsaharianos se mantienen moderadamente positivas. Se discuten posibles explicaciones psicosociales de estos resultados (AU)

The main objective of this research was to study the altitudes of the local population towards three ethnic groups with a considerably high presence in a town in Almería (Southern Spain): North-African immigrants, black immigrants and gypsies. The participants were l05 subjects (56.2% female and 43.8% male), ages 18 to 62 (Mean=38.99; sd=l2.45). We designed a questionnaire to measure the affective and cognitive components of attitude, the perceived social consideration of these groups, the attribution of in-group and out-group differences and the perceived number of people that belong to these out-groups in the area. The North African immigrants obtained the worst rating whereas black immigrants received the best. Gypsies were rated between these two groups. We also observe a negative evolution of the attitudes towards North-African immigrants in comparison to previous studies in this area. Attitudes towards black immigrants remained moderately positive. Possible psychosocial explanations for these results are discussed (AU)

Test de Actitud Prejuiciosa (TAP): Estudios de fiabilidad y evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna en autóctonos e inmigrantes / Prejudice Attitude Test (PAT): Reliability and validity evidences based on the internal structure studies in autochthonous and immigrant

Este trabajo se enmarca en el estudio del prejuicio en las poblaciones autóctona e inmigrante. El objetivo es llevar a cabo un estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva medida de la actitud de prejuicio para los diferentes grupos (mayorías y minorías), el Test de Actitud Prejuiciosa (TAP). El TAP se basa en una concepción tricomponente de la actitud prejuiciosa, considerando cogniciones, afectos e intenciones de conducta. Este trabajo muestra los resultados de las estimaciones de fiabilidad y el estudio de diversas fuentes de evidencias de validez: su estructura interna y relaciones con otras variables. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.967 participantes: 992 españoles, 500 rumanos y 475 ecuatorianos. La muestra fue seleccionada en 12 municipios con altas tasas de personas inmigrantes censadas, elegidas en cuatro comunidades autónomas de la zona mediterránea de España. El TAP presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso tanto en los grupos mayoritarios como minoritarios: una fiabilidad adecuada, una estructura interna sustantiva y relaciones con otras variables que son coherentes con el constructo en que se basa la prueba (AU)

The framework of this research is the study of prejudice between autochthonous and immigrant people. Its aim is to conduct a study of the psychometric properties of a new measure of prejudice attitude for different groups (majority and minority groups), the Prejudice Attitude Test (PAT). The PAT is based on a conceptual design of attitude with three dimensions: cognitive, emotional and conative. This work shows the results of reliability estimates and the study of validity evidences (internal structure). Sample was formed by 1967 participants: there were 992 Spanish, 500 Romanian and 475 Ecuadorian people. The sample was selected in 12 municipalities with high rates of immigrant people in their census, chosen in four autonomous communities of Spain's Mediterranean zone. The PAT shows psychometric properties suitable for its use both in majority and in minority groups: an adequate reliability, a substantive internal structure that are consistent with the construct underlying the test (AU)

Fiabilidad y evidencias de validez de la Escala de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal (EPAE) / Reliability and validity evidence of the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS)

El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de una nueva escala (Escala de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal, EPAE), destinada a medir la percepción de amenaza exogrupal, una variable psicosocial estrechamente relacionada con actitudes negativas hacia los exogrupos que la elicitan. Participaron en el estudio 302 personas españolas que respondían a un cuestionario sobre inmigrantes marroquíes (N= 102), rumanos (N= 101) o ecuatorianos (N= 99). Los análisis de los ítems y de fiabilidad demostraron una buena consistencia interna de la escala. Los análisis factoriales mostraron dos dimensiones independientes: amenaza realista y amenaza simbólica. Los análisis de correlaciones mostraron que la EPAE estaba significativamente relacionada con otras variables psicosociales. Estos resultados sugieren que la EPAE es una medida fiable y válida y puede constituir un instrumento de gran utilidad para el estudio de las relaciones intergrupales en nuestro país (AU)

This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of a new scale: the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS). The OTPS was designed to measure the perception of out-group threat, an important psychosocial variable that is closely related to negative attitudes towards out-groups. Three hundred and two Spanish participants responded to the OTPS in reference to the following out-groups: Moroccans (N= 102), Romanians (N= 101) and Ecuadorian immigrants (N= 99). The reliability and item analyses showed that the scale had good internal consistency. Factor analyses yielded two independent dimensions: Realistic Threat and Symbolic Threat. Correlational analyses showed that the OTPS correlated significantly with several psychosocial variables. The present findings suggest that the OTPS is a reliable and valid measure, and it can be a useful instrument to study intergroup relationships in our country (AU)

[Reliability and validity evidence of the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS)]. / Fiabilidad y evidencias de validez de la Escala de Percepción de Amenaza Exogrupal (EPAE).

This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of a new scale: the Out-group Threat Perception Scale (OTPS). The OTPS was designed to measure the perception of out-group threat, an important psychosocial variable that is closely related to negative attitudes towards out-groups. Three hundred and two Spanish participants responded to the OTPS in reference to the following out-groups: Moroccans (N= 102), Romanians (N= 101) and Ecuadorian immigrants (N= 99). The reliability and item analyses showed that the scale had good internal consistency. Factor analyses yielded two independent dimensions: Realistic Threat and Symbolic Threat. Correlational analyses showed that the OTPS correlated significantly with several psychosocial variables. The present findings suggest that the OTPS is a reliable and valid measure, and it can be a useful instrument to study intergroup relationships in our country.

Concordancia entre actitudes y percepciones de aculturación de la población autóctona hacia los inmigrantes magrebíes: relación con las actitudes prejuiciosas / Concordance between acculturation attitudes and perceptions of the Spaniards toward Maghreb immigrants: relationship to prejudice

Recientemente se está evaluando la concordancia entre las actitudes de aculturación de mayorías y minorías y entre las actitudes y las percepciones de la mayoría acerca del proceso de aculturación de la minoría, así como su influencia sobre las relaciones intergrupales. Este trabajo pretende ampliar la perspectiva del segundo enfoque tomando como referente el Modelo Ampliado de Aculturación Relativa (MAAR). Se comparan las actitudes de aculturación de autóctonos residentes en una zona con alta recepción de inmigrantes con sus percepciones acerca de las estrategias que inmigrantes magrebíes están poniendo en práctica, pero considerando los diferentes ámbitos de aculturación contemplados en el MAAR. Asimismo, se analiza la relación de los distintos niveles de concordancia con la manifestación de prejuicio hacia los inmigrantes. Los resultados muestran que el grado de discrepancia entre actitudes y percepciones es mayor en los ámbitos pertenecientes al núcleo duro de la cultura (familiar, religioso y formas de pensar). Además, las personas situadas en un nivel de concordancia conflictivo expresaron, en general, actitudes más prejuiciosas hacia los inmigrantes magrebíes que quienes se situaban en un nivel consensual. Los resultados se discuten en comparación con los obtenidos en estudios anteriores con diferentes grupos mayoritarios y minoritarios en otros contextos (AU)

Concordance or discrepancy between majority and minority acculturation attitudes, and between majority attitudes and perceptions of minority acculturation, as well as their influence on intergroup relations have recently begun to be evaluated. This work attempts to widen the perspective of the second approach, using the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM) as a reference. Acculturation attitudes of native residents in the south of Spain, where there is a strong influx of immigrants, are compared to their perceptions of the strategies that Maghrebian immigrants are putting into practice, specifically considering the different areas of acculturation in the RAEM. The different levels of concordance are also compared to prejudice against the immigrants. The results show that the discrepancy between attitudes and perceptions is greater in the areas pertaining to the hard core of the culture (family, religious beliefs and way of thinking). Furthermore, persons on a conflictual level of concordance generally expressed more prejudice against Maghrebian immigrants than those on a consensual level. The results are discussed in comparison to those found in previous studies with other majority and minority groups and in other contexts (AU)

Prejudiced attitude measurement using the Rasch Rating Scale model.

There have been two basic approaches for the study of minority group prejudice against the majority: to adapt instruments from the majority group, and to use qualitative techniques by analyzing the content of the discourse of the groups involved. Neither of these procedures solves the problem of measuring intergroup attitudes of majorities and minorities in interaction. This study shows the result of a prejudice scale which was developed to measure the attitude of both the minority and majority groups. Prejudice is conceived as an attitude which requires the beliefs or opinions about the out-group, the emotions it elicits, and the behavior or intentional behavior toward it to be known for its evaluation. The innovation in this work is that the psychometric development of the scale was based on the item response theory, and more specifically, the rating scale model.

[In-group Bias Test adapted to the relative acculturation extended model: reliability and validity evidences]. / Test de favoritismo endogrupal interétnico adaptado al modelo ampliado de aculturación relativa: fiabilidad y evidencias de validez.

In-group favouritism has become a variable of enormous importance in the study of inter-ethnic relations. According to current approaches, it can be understood as a tendency among the members of one group to favour or value the behaviour, attitudes, preferences or perceptions of their own group over those of another group to which they do not belong. The aim of this work is to study the psychometric properties of a new test for measuring inter-ethnic in-group bias, in majority (native) and minority (immigrant) groups. The test is based on the acculturation areas of the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM). Participants were 992 Spaniards and 975 immigrants (500 Romanians and 475 Ecuadorians). The reliability estimate and validity evidence for these samples show that the psychometric properties of the In-group Bias Test are appropriate for use in multi-ethnic contexts, as it can be used in majority (native) and minority (Romanian and Ecuadorian immigrants) groups.

Test de favoritismo endogrupal interétnico adaptado al modelo ampliado de aculturación relativa: fiabilidad y evidencias de validez / In-group Bias Test adapted to the relative acculturation extended model: reliability and validity evidences

El favoritismo endogrupal (FE) se ha convertido en una variable de enorme importancia en el estudio de las relaciones interétnicas. De acuerdo con los planteamientos actuales, se puede entender como una tendencia entre los miembros de un grupo a favorecer el comportamiento, actitudes, preferencias y percepciones de su propio grupo sobre otro al que no pertenecen. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de un nuevo test para medir el FE interétnico que tenga aplicación tanto en el grupo mayoritario (autóctonos) como en el minoritario (inmigrantes). El test se basa en los ámbitos socioculturales contemplados en el MAAR. 992 personas españolas y 975 personas inmigrantes (500 de origen rumano y 475 ecuatoriano) participaron en el estudio. La estimación de la fiabilidad y las evidencias de validez de estas muestras confirman que las propiedades psicométricas de la medida de FE son apropiadas para su uso en contextos multiétnicos, ya que puede ser utilizada tanto en grupos mayoritarios (autóctonos) como en minoritarios (inmigrantes rumanos -IR- y ecuatorianos -IE-)(AU)

In-group favouritism has become a variable of enormous importance in the study of interethnic relations. According to current approaches, it can be understood as a tendency among the members of one group to favour or value the behaviour, attitudes, preferences or perceptions of their own group over those of another group to which they do not belong. The aim of this work is to study the psychometric properties of a new test for measuring inter-ethnic in-group bias, in majority (native) and minority (immigrant) groups. The test is based on the acculturation areas of the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM). Participants were 992 Spaniards and 975 immigrants (500 Romanians and 475 Ecuadorians). The reliability estimate and validity evidence for these samples show that the psychometric properties of the In-group Bias Test are appropriate for use in multi-ethnic contexts, as it can be used in majority (native) and minority (Romanian and Ecuadorian immigrants) groups(AU)

Actitudes de aculturación y prejuicio: la perspectiva de autóctonos e inmigrantes / Prejudice and attitudes of acculturation: perspectives of autochthonous and immigrants

Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre el proceso de aculturación a través de un nuevo modelo de aculturación. El objetivo es estudiar el prejuicio mutuo de dos grupos en la provincia de Almería (autóctonos e inmigrantes africanos) y conocer la relación entre esta variable y la actitud de aculturación preferida por ambas poblaciones. Se aplicó un cuestionario con diferentes escalas a cuatro grupos de personas residentes en municipios con altas tasas de inmigración africana (más del 10% de la población total): magrebíes, subsaharianos y españoles que evaluaban a inmigrantes magrebíes y a inmigrantes subsaharianos. Los resultados muestran que, en ambas poblaciones, las puntuaciones más bajas en prejuicio hacia el exogrupo las obtienen quienes prefieren la integración, mientras que las más altas proceden de quienes prefieren la exclusión/marginación

This study is framed in a wider research on the acculturation process through a new acculturation model. The aim of this paper is to analyse the mutual prejudice between ethnic groups in contact and its relation to their preferred acculturation attitude. A questionnaire composed by various scales was given to four groups of people living in municipalities with high rate of African immigrants in Almería: Maghrebis, Sub-Saharans, Spaniards who evaluated the Maghreb out-group and Spaniards who responded on the Sub-Saharan out-group. The results obtained indicate a relation between prejudice and acculturation attitude, as the lowest scores in prejudice are hold in each group by people preferring integration, whilst the highest ones come from those who bow to exclusion/marginalisation

[Prejudice and attitudes of acculturation: perspectives of autochthonous and immigrants]. / Actitudes de aculturación y prejuicio: la perspectiva de autóctonos e inmigrantes.

This study is framed in a wider research on the acculturation process through a new acculturation model. The aim of this paper is to analyse the mutual prejudice between ethnic groups in contact and its relation to their preferred acculturation attitude. A questionnaire composed by various scales was given to four groups of people living in municipalities with high rate of African immigrants in Almería: Maghrebis, Sub-Saharans, Spaniards who evaluated the Maghreb out-group and Spaniards who responded on the Sub-Saharan out-group. The results obtained indicate a relation between prejudice and acculturation attitude, as the lowest scores in prejudice are hold in each group by people preferring integration , whilst the highest ones come from those who bow to exclusion/marginalisation.

Test de sesgo endogrupal interétnico: estudios de fiabilidad y de evidencias de validez / Interethnic ingroup bias test: Reliability and validity evidences studies

Este trabajo se enmarca en el estudio del sesgo endogrupal como variable predictora de las actitudes de aculturación de población autóctona e inmigrante. El objetivo de la investigación es presentar un test elaborado para la medida del sesgo endogrupal en diferentes grupos étnicos (autóctonos españoles e inmigrantes magrebíes y subsaharianos). Además, se realiza un estudio de las propiedades métricas del test, donde se muestran los resultados del estudio de la fiabilidad de las puntuaciones y del estudio de las evidencias de validez de las medidas (basadas en la relación del sesgo endogrupal con otras variables descritas en la literatura psicosocial). Los resultados permiten concluir que el test desarrollado posee unas propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso multiétnico, en el sentido de que puede ser utilizado para medir sesgo en personas del grupo mayoritario (autóctonos respecto a exogrupos de magrebíes y subsaharianos) como en personas del grupo minoritario (magrebíes y subsaharianos respecto al exogrupo de autóctonos) (AU)

The work is framed in the study of in-group bias as predictor variable of acculturation attitudes of native and immigrant populations. The aim of this research is to show a test for the measure of in-group and out-group bias in different ethnic groups (native Spanish people and North-Africans and Black-African people). Moreover, a study of psychometric properties of the test where are shown the results of reliability scores and validation evidences of measures (based on the relationship of in-group bias with another variables described in the psychosocial literature) it is reported. These results allow to conclude that developed test possesses psychometric properties adapted for multiethnic using. This test could be used to measure in-group bias in majority groups (native people respect to North-African and Black-African out-groups) and in minority groups (North-African and Black-African people respect to native out-group) (AU)

Actitudes hacia gitanos e inmigrantes africanos: un estudio comparativo / Attitudes towards African Immigrants and Gypsies: A Comparative Study

El objetivo principal de esta investigación era conocer las actitudes de la población autóctona de un municipio de Almería hacia tres grupos étnicos con alta presencia en el lugar de la investigación: inmigrantes magrebíes. Inmigrantes subsaharianos y gitanos. 105 participantes (56.2% mujeres y 43.8% hombres), cuyas edades oscilan entre 18 y 62 años (Media=38.99; dt=12.45), respondieron a un cuestionario a través del cual se medía el componente afectivo y cognitivo de la actitud, la consideración social percibid a de estos grupos, la atribución de las diferencias entre el propio grupo y los exogrupos, y la percepción del número de miembros de los exogrupos presentes en la lona. Los resultados muestran que el colectivo peor evaluado es el de los inmigrantes magrebíes, seguido por los gitanos y los inmigrantes subsaharianos. Se observa una evolución negativa en las actitudes hacia los inmigrantes magrebíes en comparación con estudios anteriores, mientras que las actitudes hacia los subsaharianos se mantienen moderadamente positivas. Se discuten posibles explicaciones psicosociales de estos resultados (AU)

The main objective of this research was to study the attitudes of the local population towards three ethnic groups with a considerably high presence in a town in Almería (Southern Spain): North-African immigrants, black immigrants and gypsies. The participants were 105 subjects (56.2% female and 43.8% male), ages 18 to 62 (Mean=38.99; sd=12.45). We designed a questionnaire to measure the affective and cognitive components of attitude, the perceived social consideration of these groups, the attribution of in-group and out-group differences and the perceived number of people that belong to these out-groups in the area. The North-African immigrants obtained the worst rating whereas black immigrants received the best. Gypsies were rated between these two groups. We also observe a negative evolution of the attitudes towards North-African immigrants in comparison to previous studies in this area. Attitudes towards black immigrants remained moderately positive. Possible psychosocial explanations for these results are discussed (AU)